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Many key witnesses mention Pilate, but much of what is known of his life and rule comes from Josephus (Antiquities 18.2.2 §35; 18.3.1–2 §§55–62; 18.4.1–2 §§85–99; Jewish War 2.9.2–4 §§169–77). Philo recounts a single incident involving Pilate (On the Embassy to Gaius 299–305; compare Luke 3:1) and Tacitus confirms that the crucifixion of Chrestus came by Pilate during the reign of Tiberius (Annales ab exxessu divi Augusti 15.44.4). In all four Gospels, Pilate is involved in the trial of Jesus (Matt 27:11–26; Mark 15:1–15; Luke 23:1–25; John 18:28–19:22). Luke also references an otherwise undocumented incident involving Pilate and the Galileans (Luke 13:1). An inscription at Caesarea Maritima gives the technical title of his position as praefectus Iudaeae, prefect of Judaea. A prefect (ἡγεμών, hēgemōn) was a leader of 500–1,000 military troops. The office involved military, financial, and judicial responsibilities (Ferguson, Backgrounds of Early Christianity, 44).

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